Everywhere in the world women live longer than men – but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn’t live longer than men in the 19th century. What’s the reason why women have a longer life span than men? And why the advantage has grown in the past? There isn’t much evidence and we have only limited solutions. We recognize that biological, behavioral and environmental factors all contribute to the fact that women are healthier than men; however, we aren’t sure how significant the impact of each factor is.
In spite of the precise number of pounds, we know that a large portion of the reason women live so much longer than men today and not in the past, has to have to do with the fact that certain key non-biological factors have changed. What are the factors that are changing? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women’s longevity disproportionately.
Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, all countries are above the diagonal line of parity – this means in all countries the newborn girl is likely to live for longer than a newborn boy.1
This chart shows that, although women have an advantage across all countries, differences between countries are often significant. In Russia, women live 10 years longer than males. In Bhutan the difference is just half a year.
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The advantage of women in life expectancy was less in countries with higher incomes as compared to the present.
Let’s look at how the advantage of women in longevity has changed over time. The following chart shows the men and women’s life expectancies at the time of birth in the US from 1790-2014. Two things stand out.
There is an upward trend. Women and تصميم مواقع انترنت men living in America are living longer than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.
The second is that there is a widening gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used to be very modest but it increased substantially in the past century.
You can confirm that these points are also applicable to other countries that have information by clicking on the “Change country” option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.
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